The Last Outlaws – Episode One Transcript

 

Emma Lancaster – Cultural Warning and Credits:

This is an Impact Studios production from the University of Technology Sydney. Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander listeners are advised that the following episode contains the names of people who have passed. The story you’re about to hear starts in the year 1900 and draws on the colonial archive. Listeners are advised there may be words and descriptions that may be culturally sensitive, and which might not normally be used in certain public or community contexts. Terms from archival material used in this podcast reflect the attitude of the author or the period in which the item was written and may be considered inappropriate today. This story also contains information about acts of violence that may be distressing.

Leroy Parsons:

I don’t want to assume that you will know who Jimmy Governor was or why he matters to me. He was a Wiradjuri and Wonnarua man and a little bit Irish. In 1900, he was 25 years old. Jimmy has been described in many ways; a bush ranger, a serial killer, and even a freedom fighter. But none of these labels quite fit. Today, most people don’t know who he is, let alone what he did, but there was a time when everyone knew his name because for a brief moment, his crimes paralyzed Australia.

Leroy Parsons:

On an unusually freezing night in July, 1900, Jimmy Governor, his brother Joe, and their friend Jackie approached the Mawbey family home in Breelong, a small town on Gamilaraay country on the western plains of New South Wales. Inside was a group of white women and children, and outside Jimmy, Joe and Jackie were armed with the tomahawk, a heavy club called a nulla-nulla, and an unloaded rifle.

Leroy Parsons:

There are different reports about exactly what was said when Mrs. Mawbey opened the door. What we do know is what happened next. Mrs. Mawbey was strike in the head and neck five times with the tomahawk. Her 14 year old son Percy tried to stop it, but he was hit so hard his head was nearly severed from his body. Mrs. Mawbey sixteen-year-old boarder Grace escaped through the front window with her 21-year-old school teacher, Helen Kerz. They were chased and clumped to death. 11 year old Hilda was chased to a nearby creek and murdered. All told, five women and children died. The attackers slipped into the frigid night. The law wouldn’t be too far behind them, and just like that, one of Australia’s largest manhunts began.

Professor Katherine Biber:

Yeah. So this is the road that’s going to take us in the main gate of Rookwood Necropolis. The sign here says Rookwood Cemetery, but when we enter it, we’ll see that it’s called Rookwood Necropolis, and that word necropolis is a clue to the immensity of this cemetery.

Kaitlyn Sawrey:

So this is supposed to be the city of the dead?

Professor Katherine Biber:

It is, and it is the size of a city and it’s as heavily populated as a city.

Kaitlyn Sawrey:

This is Katherine Biber, a professor of law from the University of Technology Sydney, and she’s walked through this city of the dead Rookwood Cemetery for years, all in search of Jimmy Governor, because she’s had a hunch for a long time that there’s a much bigger story to be told about his life.

Professor Katherine Biber:

So this is the area. We can walk in and have a look. There are some marked graves, but my understanding was that Jimmy Governor didn’t have a headstone. So somewhere in this scrappy bush, he’s been buried.

Kaitlyn Sawrey:

Jimmy’s case and everything we still don’t understand about it has gotten under Katherine’s skin. There’s something about his story that does that to you. I’m Kaitlyn Sawrey, a journalist and audio maker, and I’ve been following Katherine as she digs into the archives to trace the trail of Jimmy’s violent murder spree. In this three part History Lab series, we’re pulling on the threads of one of Australia’s great misunderstood story.

Professor Katherine Biber:

I started with the intention to undertake what I call the legal history of Jimmy Governor and I’ve realized that it’s probably a history of the making of Australia.

Kaitlyn Sawrey:

But I want to be clear this isn’t a true crime podcast. We’re moving beyond the myths to learn what the Governor brothers, Jimmy and Joe, faced in both life and death and what it reveals about Australia, about the start of our federation, our legal system, what happened in our prisons, the global body trade driven by race science, and what their story tells us about black and white Australia. This may be the tale of a prison colony trying to become a country and the murder case that stood in its way. This is the story of the law outlaws.

Kaitlyn Sawrey:

When did you first come across the story of the Governor brothers?

Professor Katherine Biber:

I think it was when I saw the film The Chant of Jimmy Blacksmith, which was released in 1978, but I didn’t see it until decades later. I was writing a PhD on Australian cinema and that was one of my texts. That film kind of stayed with me for a long time, because I knew in some way that it was based on a true story and I was kind of shocked by that.

Kaitlyn Sawrey:

So first seeing the film to now, how long has that been, do you reckon?

Professor Katherine Biber:

I would say 20 to 22 years. That’s a long time. It’s older than my children. But I also felt like if this was a true story, it would be much more well known than it is. I couldn’t believe that it wasn’t more well-known and that’s why I wondered, could it be true or could this be an extremely fictionalized fantastical account of what really happened? So I wanted to know what really happened because I felt like if it really happened the way it’s portrayed in the film, everyone should know this story. So I turned to the archives for answers.

Kaitlyn Sawrey:

So we know what happened on that fateful night, but how do we get there? To find out, we probably need to know who Jimmy Governor was. What do we know about him?

Professor Katherine Biber:

It was thought that he was descended from Aboriginal people, but he also had Irish ancestors. From an early age, he and his brother Joe and possibly also their father did various farming jobs where they would build fences and other work on farms.

Kaitlyn Sawrey:

So we know he was a fencer, but do we know anything about any of these other jobs? He was a police tracker at one point.

Professor Katherine Biber:

Yeah, that’s true. He was a police tracker. There were no roads, there were no communications and the landscape was something quite unfamiliar to white people. So they began to recruit Aboriginal people, but of course, quite soon afterwards, police trackers became used as a tool of policing indigenous peoples.

Kaitlyn Sawrey:

Jimmy had found ways to exist in the colony until he did something quite radical for frontier Australia.

Professor Katherine Biber:

So he was in his early 20s when he met and married a white woman, a white teenager really, called Ethel Page. They already had a small baby and she was already pregnant with a second child.

Kaitlyn Sawrey:

So the archives were able to tell us that Jimmy married Ethel and they had a growing family, but Katherine knew to better understand Jimmy’s past, she needed to find a link to Jimmy’s present.

Professor Katherine Biber:

So it was a Friday afternoon and by the time we got there, it was quite dark. When you arrive at a unfamiliar place in the dark, especially somewhere out in the bush, we didn’t even know if we were in the right place.

Kaitlyn Sawrey:

Katherine and I headed down to the south coast of New South Wales to one of those tiny towns that’s really just a petrol station on the side of the road.

Professor Katherine Biber:

I was really anxious or nervous because I felt like I was finally going to connect with someone who really owned this story in a personal way. It seemed very important to be respectful, to be consultative. So I wanted to hold on to that fact that this was not my story, this is not my family, and this is not my project to play with. It’s not a toy and it belongs to another family.

Aunty Loretta Parsley:

Now, I am the great-granddaughter of Jimmy and Ethel, and as I speak about him, I want to be able to let people know that he was a real person.

Kaitlyn Sawrey:

This is Loretta Ethel Parsley, Walbunja elder and custodian of Country. She’s a direct descendant of Jimmy and Ethel Governor and the family historian. We’re at Loretta’s home, which sits on 67 acres of sprawling landscape that she calls Middle Earth.

Aunty Loretta Parsley:

[Welcome in Walbunja Yuin language]. I’d like to welcome you to the traditional lands of the Walbunja people, pay our respects to elders both past and present and acknowledge that we are on country and that when we leave, all we leave is our footprints, and we’re here today to honor an ancestor.

Kaitlyn Sawrey:

We settled into an outdoor table with homemade damper and lilly pilly jam.

Aunty Loretta Parsley:

How’s the damper?

Professor Katherine Biber:

It’s delicious.

Kaitlyn Sawrey:

A lot of what Loretta tells us about Jimmy lines right up with the archives, but has the depth we hadn’t heard before.

Aunty Loretta Parsley:

Well, from the aunties and obviously they’d spoken to their mother who was married to Jimmy and that he was quite athletic and he played cricket and he was really handsome. He was out there in the community because he had the status of being a black tracker, the status of being married to a white woman. He did everything that most Aboriginal people of that period of time would never even consider. So to him, he was as equal to other people, regardless of skin color. He was able to walk proudly in our community and yet something happened. He was walking in the two worlds, but he fell in love with a non-Aboriginal woman, and that changed everything.

Kaitlyn Sawrey:

In 1900, an Aboriginal man providing for his family wasn’t easy. Many Aboriginal people had been pushed onto missions. Jimmy was working for the Mawbey’s building fences.

Aunty Loretta Parsley:

That is a skill, putting a post into the ground, to be able to dig it. Yeah, we wouldn’t have had excavators or post hole diggers. It was all physical work, so you had to be strong.

Kaitlyn Sawrey:

Jimmy wasn’t doing it alone. Katherine Biber tells us his little brother Joe was living with them and helped Jimmy build fences.

Professor Katherine Biber:

I think he was probably about two years younger than Jimmy Governor. We don’t really have any records in which he speaks or in which his thoughts or even his existence is recorded in any meaningful way. He had traveled around where he could find work and he was living with Jimmy Governor and Ethel at the time that the Mawbey family members were murdered.

Kaitlyn Sawrey:

Loretta reminds us that there was another Aboriginal man camping on the Mawbey property with Jimmy, Ethel and Joe, Jackie Underwood, and they all went on the run following the murders.

Aunty Loretta Parsley:

They were consider dogs because they murdered and natives were led to be killed and shot at any time. That was the expected thing. But then they had to be smarter. They had to think smarter on the run.

Leroy Parsons:

In the first six days of being on the run, the newspapers report that Jimmy and Governor continue to kill in three separate attacks two men, a woman, her young child, and her unborn baby. Newspapers label them revenge killings. This is a new feeling for white Australia. The tables have been turned. The white man was the one being hunted. The Singleton Argus, 2nd of August, 1900. “Several schools have closed. Everyone is armed. Above all is a feeling of impending calamity or the arrival of news of a fresh horror.” A month later, Singleton Argus, “Houses were empty. Dogs was with dying on the chains and cows were sick with milk fever.”

Kaitlyn Sawrey:

The brothers lead authorities on a 2000-strong manhunt that spans 3000 kilometers across Western New South Wales.

Professor Katherine Biber:

They have great navigation skills, they have enormous fitness and that they have great capacity to survive in the bush. Just to see that landscape and to see the scale of the distances involved between different places. Because you can look on a map and go, “From here to here, that’s 200 kilometers,” and you think, “Okay, you can drive that,” but that’s a pretty long drive on not great roads, but imagine in 1900 in winter with no shoes on walking that distance or running that distance …

Kaitlyn Sawrey:

Ethel Governor is captured in the early days of the chase, and Jackie Underwood within the first week. At the inquest into the Mawbey killings, Ethel gives a statement. She says that Joe is innocent. Jimmy had forced her to go on the run, saying, “Joe, you have to come with me or I’ll take your life. We are bush rangers now.” Loretta says it’s likely that Joe would have followed Jimmy’s lead.

Aunty Loretta Parsley:

He would have followed Jimmy to the end of the earth. Joe was Jimmy’s brother and Jimmy was the leader. Being the older brother, he was the leader in their family and Joe followed Jimmy.

Kaitlyn Sawrey:

With the newspapers reporting a death toll totalling nine and Jimmy and Joe still on the run, the question that remained was what sparked the murders? Relying on 120 year old sources can make facts murky, but often they’re all we have, like Ethel Governor’s account of what went wrong between the Governors and the Mawbey’s.

Professor Katherine Biber:

She testifies that Mrs. Mawbey and some of the other women and girls in the household had said she’d thrown herself away by marrying a black fellow, suggesting that she could have done better.

Aunty Loretta Parsley:

Ethel said to him that she was being taunted by the Mawbey’s. “Why waste your time on a black fellow?” She lived nowhere other than with the Aboriginal people. So she was considered no better than them in the establishment eyes. So when you get the two cultures that come together, petrol and matches, I’ll call it. But when you got two people who don’t see you that conflict because they’re having a baby, they’re in love …

Kaitlyn Sawrey:

This is a story Aunty Loretta knows all too well.

Aunty Loretta Parsley:

These two decided to challenge the establishment, the same as Trevor and I have.

Kaitlyn Sawrey:

Loretta met her husband Trevor when she was still a teenager. They fell in love, got married and had to face the realities of being an interracial couple in 1970s Australia.

Aunty Loretta Parsley:

Because we were married in 1975, Trevor and I, so we were experiencing the racial establishment of Aboriginal people not being allowed into pups, the social injustices. So I was asked to leave. So I wonder how many times Ethel and Jimmy were in a situation where people said, “This is not acceptable. You are black, she’s white.” Being taunted, of course you go and talk to your husband. I would because that’s what you do, you talk to your partner.

Kaitlyn Sawrey:

So was it racial abuse that made Jimmy snap? Katherine Biber says something else had happened not long before.

Professor Katherine Biber:

It’s hard to absolutely know what really sparked the first of the homicides, but there was an argument and we know that the relationship between Jimmy Governor and the Mawbey family was an employment relationship, that Jimmy and his family lived on the property. Jimmy was employed to build fences on the property and in exchange, he would receive payments and rations.

Kaitlyn Sawrey:

There was a citation from The Daily Telegraph interview from the 24th of July, 1900 when Mr. Mawbey said that he rejected a hundred of the posts out of the thousand that were laid in the line of fence and offered to pay half price for them and then use them. But also in this article, Jimmy and his family owe Mr. Mawbey some money. So it’s like whatever Jimmy is doing for work is not really keeping the family afloat. What do you make of that?

Professor Katherine Biber:

Yes, it’s shocking that you can work so hard and still be in debt to your employer. I think that says a lot about frontier relationships between colonial settlers and indigenous people on the frontier.

Kaitlyn Sawrey:

Sitting around the table at Aunty Loretta’s, she was excited to show us something Jimmy had made with his own hands.

Aunty Loretta Parsley:

To people, oh, it’s just a bit of wood, you could throw it on the fire, but it’s more than that to me.

Kaitlyn Sawrey:

Loretta has an original fence post made by Jimmy. It’s been sitting wrapped in newspaper for over 20 years, the same amount of time that Katherine has been researching this story. So how did Loretta come to have the post?

Aunty Loretta Parsley:

That’s my little secret women’s business. I have that because it was gifted to me. That fence post that sits in there, maybe we need to put it on the table to remind us that this was the catalyst. Do you want to open it?

Professor Katherine Biber:

Would you like me to?

Aunty Loretta Parsley:

Yes, please. Yeah. I’m giving you permission to open it. Yeah. It’s wrapped up very well.

Aunty Loretta Parsley:

I was waiting for one day that it would be unwrapped and this is the day. This is one part of the post that Jimmy had put into the ground. So you can imagine going out, working, putting in fence posts for a family, and when you work, you expect to be paid, but they said it wasn’t good enough and that he didn’t deserve to be paid. He’d snapped, and the brain does. If you’re deprived of food, things happen in your brain. Yeah, and he didn’t just have Ethel. He had his brother and he would have had his sister and his extended family. A lot of mouths to feed, a lot commitment and a new baby, another mouth to feed.

Professor Katherine Biber:

Can I ask you another question about this post? Because I’ve been listening to you talk about its significance, that it symbolizes his labor and injustice, but this is also a physical thing that was made by your ancestor. He touched it, he worked on it. I wonder if that’s also significant for you that he made this.

Aunty Loretta Parsley:

Yeah, and that’s why I kept it wrapped for so long. It’s been there and it’s sat, but it’s still is something that my great-grandfather had worked with his fingers and his hands touching that, and that’s why I asked you to open it because you need to connect with this story. I’ve connected with this story for a long time. You’re coming on this journey through me and Jimmy’s memory and Ethel’s.

Leroy Parsons:

It’s the year 1900. Weeks become months and the Governor brothers remained on the run. Newspaper reports suggest the police are out of their depth. A stockman on the hand for 81 days describes the chase. The Singleton Argus, 18th of October, 1900. “In one place, it took us five hours to get to the top of a mountain. The horses frequently got hung up in the vines. We were there for three days living on nothing but flour and water. The newspapers claim that the Governor brothers spent time writing notes taunting their pursuers. “I am a bush ranger. He who sees me first gets hell. Put this in The Sydney Mail so they can all say it. Sub inspector Cameron, Dubbo, I know you had 150 police at Wollar and 35 men at Gulgong. I was reading all that news.” Signed Jim Governor. “You dog, I shoot you. We will have your scalp.” Jimmy Governor.

Leroy Parsons:

With that, the legend of the Governor brothers took on a life of its own. One report stated they were observed walking on the top wire of the boundary fence in the early dawn. The Governors could run for miles on the still ribbons of the railway line with no sign of their passing.

Professor Katherine Biber:

So every time somebody’s hut is robbed, every time somebody’s horse is stolen, the Governor brothers are thought to be responsible for it. Every suspected sighting, every clue, every rumor is being published in local newspapers and as time passes and as the Governor brothers elude capture for longer and longer, that narrative sometimes becomes almost like a comedy of errors because we send out these soldiers in their crisp uniforms who don’t know how to camp, they don’t know how to ride horses properly, and these people are just going to outsmart us.

Kaitlyn Sawrey:

With Jimmy and Joe on the loose for three months, pressures put on the New South Wales government to bring an end to the manhunt once and for all, and so this case makes it all the way to the desk of the New South Wales attorney general Bernard Wise who, as the most senior law officer in the colony, was responsible for bringing the Governor brothers to justice.

Professor Katherine Biber:

Until the Governors were brought to justice, the colony would be a lawless place. But of course also what’s looming is federation, the making of a new nation.

Kaitlyn Sawrey:

This would have been a challenging situation for any lawmaker, but even with his status as attorney general, Bernard Wise still felt like he had something to prove.

Professor Katherine Biber:

His father died and left the mother with hardly any money. So he was very lavishly educated, but always as the poor boy. So he was supposedly brilliant and with all this potential, but I think he also had some self-esteem issues. That’s my own personal diagnosis. Because even though he rose very high, he also had a lot of self doubt. He thought that his life was a failure.

Kaitlyn Sawrey:

I mean, was anything working for him?

Professor Katherine Biber:

Look, Alfred Deacon described … Do you want me to read the quote?

Kaitlyn Sawrey:

Sure.

Professor Katherine Biber:

Alfred Deacon described him as being as handsome as the hero of a female novel, a cupid with a rich soft voice, a man of culture and of aristocratic tendencies, who was a Democrat by conviction.

Kaitlyn Sawrey:

What a dreamboat.

Professor Katherine Biber:

I’ve seen a photo of him. Maybe tastes have changed.

Kaitlyn Sawrey:

As a poor boy reaching for greatness, what better way for Bernard Wise to prove himself than influencing the biggest issue of the time? Federation.

Professor Katherine Biber:

He was never an official member of the federation conventions. He is sometimes described as an uninvited guest, but the historical record suggests he was an influential figure, that he was actively involved in the drafting of documents that led to the constitution that we now have.

Kaitlyn Sawrey:

Federation was Australia’s attempt to become a proper country and rise above its convict past. It was a chance of squabbling colonies to become a legitimate unified nation. This made people ask what kind of country do we want to live in? The stakes were high. With federation looming and the myth of the Governor brothers growing daily, Bernard Wise is pushed towards a solution, one that he resists because it hadn’t been used in Australia since the bush ranging days of Ned Kelly: declare the Governor brothers outlaws.

Professor Katherine Biber:

So broadly speaking, an outlaw is as a person who has done something that doesn’t entitle them to the protection of the law, and what that means is that if someone has done such a terrible crime and will not surrender to the law, then that person can be caught dead or alive.

Kaitlyn Sawrey:

So basically someone’s been so abhorrent in their behavior, it’s like you can be brought back dead or alive, we don’t care, we just need to catch you.

Professor Katherine Biber:

That’s right. Because essentially the outlawry had already been a finding of guilt. It was a long time since anyone before them had been outlawed. So the question of, “Is outlawry the right response?” was tangled up with the question of, “Would we outlaw people in a federated nation? Is that the way to bring felons to justice?”

Kaitlyn Sawrey:

Bernard Wise struggled with this decision.

Professor Katherine Biber:

I feel like Wise would not be someone who would feel that outlawry is an appropriate process.

Kaitlyn Sawrey:

Yeah. He’s too much of a legal nerd to be like, “Yep. Let’s just shoot them without a trial.”

Professor Katherine Biber:

That’s right. So every time someone said, “Let’s outlaw them, let’s outlaw them,” he kept pushing back and saying, “This is not the way they need to be brought to justice.” The idea that you bring someone to justice and don’t just shoot them in the bush, I think if you’re the attorney general, that’s a pretty important thing to have on the record. Bringing people to justice is an important part of your job.

Kaitlyn Sawrey:

But with the chase having no end in sight and public pressure mounting, Bernard Wise caved. But why?

Professor Katherine Biber:

The archive doesn’t record what caused him to change his mind. I guess at some point he remembers that he’s a politician. It’s clear that he was under a lot of pressure. The longer the Governor brothers were at large, the more there was public debate. There was political debate. There were questions being asked in parliament. It was becoming a problematic political issue as well as causing a lot of unrest, particularly amongst people who lived on the frontier and who were living in fear of their own lives. There was really torrid newspaper reporting whilst the Governors were at large, and so people were afraid. The members of the public were afraid and politicians were alive to that fear and were concerned.

Professor Katherine Biber:

Sorry, just on that. I’ve actually got the proclamation of outlawry. Do you want me to write it? Oh, I can show you. By His Excellency, the right honorable William Earl Beacham, night commander of the most distinguished order of Saint Michael and Saint George.

Kaitlyn Sawrey:

This could take a while.

Professor Katherine Biber:

And declared to be an outlaw by the said Honorable Matthew Henry Steven, and in the 64th year of Her Majesty’s reign by his excellencies command, B.R Wise, God save the queen.

Kaitlyn Sawrey:

With that, their fate was sealed. The Governor brothers were declared outlaws wanted dead or alive.

Leroy Parsons:

Six days before being proclaimed an outlaw, Jimmy is shot in the mouth by a local hunter while sneaking into a hut. The bullet passes through his cheek, destroying four teeth. Another bullet hits his hip. Jimmy and Joe managed to escape, but the damage is done. While crossing the Forbes River, someone starts shooting at them. In the heat of the chase, they separate. This may be the last time they see each other. Alone with a hole in his mouth and food hard to find, Jimmy steals some tucker from the camp and falls asleep beside the fire. Before daybreak, a group of civilians call upon him to surrender. He attempts to flee, but on the 99th day of the manhunt, more than 450 kilometers from the Mawbey home, Jimmy Governor is captured and taken to the local police officer. Joe’s whereabouts are unknown.

Kaitlyn Sawrey:

Next time on the Last Outlaws, can Joe continue to elude the 2000-strong search party, and what will happen to Jimmy now that he’s been captured?

Aunty Loretta Parsley:

Jimmy wanted to take the fall for what happened because it was his family.

Leroy Parsons:

I am speaking straight from my heart and I am afraid of nobody.

Kaitlyn Sawrey:

And Katherine Biber makes a discovery that takes us inside Jimmy’s prison cell.

Professor Katherine Biber:

So just like we don’t know why the diary was ever kept, we also don’t know why the diary ever stopped.

 

Emma Lancaster –  Credits:

The Last Outlaws series is made by Impact Studios at the University of Technology Sydney, an audio production house funded by the Deputy Vice Chancellor of Research. The Last Outlaws was made on the lands of the Gadigal people of the Eora nation, as well as the Walbunja people of the Yuin nation, Darug people of Ngurra Country and Gubbi Gubbi Country, whose land was never ceded. Impact Studios would like to pay respect to Elders past, present, and emerging, acknowledging them as the traditional custodians of knowledge on this land. Thanks to everyone who made this series possible, including the Governor family descendants and the Parsley and Parsons families, especially Aunty Loretta Parsley and Leroy Parsons. Thanks also to our UTS partners, the Faculty of Law, the Australian Centre for Public History, Jumbunna Institute for Indigenous Education and Research, as well as the Australian Research Council.

 

Emma Lancaster –  Credits:

Our wonderful Chief Investigator is Law Professor Katherine Biber, and of course the team at Impact Studios. Kaitlyn Sawrey is the host, writer and senior producer. Frank Lopez is the writer, senior producer, composer and sound engineer. The role of narrator was voiced and co-written by Leroy Parsons. Allison Chan was our producer, researcher and fact checker. Ben Vozzo is the digital communications manager. Belinda Lopez is our editorial advisor. Thank you to our cultural consultants at Jumbunna Institute for Indigenous Education and Research, especially Professor Daryle Rigney and Distinguished Professor Larissa Behrendt. As well as Dr. Lyndon Ormond-Parker, an honourary senior lecturer at the Centre for Heritage and Museum Studies at the Australian National University. Additional production by Ryan Pemberton and additional sound supplied by Camilla Hannan. Additional sound engineering by Martin Peralta. Jake Duczynski from Studio Hackett (Studio Gilay) created our incredible digital artworks and original artwork Blood On His Hands Cleansed By Saltwater was supplied by Aunty Loretta Parsley, and there are many minds that made The Last Outlaws possible.

 

Emma Lancaster –  Credits:

A big thank you to everyone we spoke to and those who answered all our fact checking questions, including Jimmy Kyle, Dr. Katie Gilchrist, the New South Wales State Library, Laurie Perry, James Wilson-Miller, Sheila Johnson, the Gilgandra Local Aboriginal Land Council, Dr. Claire Britton, Deborah Beck, the National Art School, Nathan Sentance from the Australian Museum, Dr. Murat Kekic at the Ainsworth Interactive Collection of Medical Pathology and Emeritus Professor Paul Turnbull at the University of Tasmania. Thanks also to the deadly team at TEABBA in the Darwin studio, Lee Hewitt, Brendon Barlow, Bernard Namok. Voiceover artists are Andrew MacRay and Tom Allinson. The executive producer of Impact Studios is Emma Lancaster. Managing Directors of Impact Studios during production were Associate Professor Tamson Pietsch and Associate Professor Anna Clarke. Thanks for listening.